A Meta‐Analysis on the Elasticity of Demand for Pesticides

There is an increasing policy interest in pesticide taxation schemes as a measure to reduce harmful effects of pesticide use. The effectiveness of such tax depends, however, on the price elasticity of demand for pesticides. Moreover, information on these demand elasticities and their determinants is of crucial relevance for policy‐making and normative modeling approaches. In this article, we present a meta‐analysis based on studies that have estimated pesticide demand elasticities in Europe and North America. Our meta‐analysis reveals that the own‐price elasticities of demand for pesticides are, with a median of ?0.28, significantly smaller than zero, but also significantly larger than ?1, i.e. to be inelastic. We find that the demand for pesticides for special crops is less elastic than that for arable and grassland. In addition, the demand for herbicides is more elastic than for other pesticides. Studies that consider only short‐term horizons and little flexibility for farmers to adjust to price changes generate significantly less elastic pesticide demands. The results also indicate that more recent studies identify lower pesticide price elasticities of demand. Furthermore, we find that peer‐reviewed studies tend to find more inelastic results compared to grey literature.     

我国金融业“营改增”的现实考量和路径选择

我国金融业税负偏高、重复课税比较严重，不利于金融企业专业化分工协助和国际竞争力提高，也影响了增值税抵扣环节的完整性。金融业“营改增”是规范金融业流转税制的必然选择，可以避免货物和其他劳务重复课税，是解决税负不公、促进金融业发展的内在要求。金融业“营改增”应该合理确定应税项目和税基，合理确定税率和课税时点，合理确定税收收入的划分和归属。     

The stock market effects of a securities transaction tax: Quasi-experimental evidence from Italy

In the aftermath of the financial crisis, in several countries new levies on the financial sector have been proposed and in some cases implemented. We focus in particular on the recent introduction of a securities transaction tax (STT) in Italy. A peculiarity of the Italian STT is that it only concerns stocks of corporations with a market capitalization above € 500 million. We exploit this feature via a differences-in-differences approach – comparing taxed and non-taxed stocks before and after the introduction of the tax – and via a regression discontinuity design – comparing the performance of stocks just above the threshold with those just below. Focusing on the regulated market, we find that the new tax reduced liquidity, but it left transaction volumes and returns substantially unaffected. There is also evidence – although not conclusive – that the tax increased volatility.     

全面风险管理模式下的大中型企业税务风险管理探讨

从大中型企业全面风险管理实施现状出发，结合企业全面风险管理理论，构建能融入企业全面风险管理体系，并能使经营活动从开始到结束都能保持正确运作，有效控制税务风险，达到在企业税务风险偏好内寻找最佳风险的税务风险管理系统。     

创业投资企业优惠政策的思考

本公司位于高新技术产业开发区,是一家具有一般纳税人资格的生产销售企业,由公司出资设立一家创业投资企业,公司100%控股;收购公司持有的GN公司30%和JX公司31.82%的股份,而GN公司为高新技术企业且未上市;有效的运用我国执行的创业投资企业税收优惠政策:创业投资公司投资于未上市中小高新技术企业2年以上(含2年),可按其对中小高新技术企业投资额的70%抵扣该创业投资企业的应纳税所得额;符合条件的居民企业之间的股息、红利等权益性投资收益为免税收入;可以增加公司的税后收益。取得降低公司整体税负的效果。     

纳税筹划中出现问题的原因及对策

纳税筹划自产生以来越来越多地在涉税业务中应用,可筹划的结果却有喜有忧。许多在使用初期被看作十分成功的案例却在业务发生后的数年间变成了反面教材,不但没有达到节税的目的反而给企业带来经济损失。文章分析了纳税筹划失败的原因并提出了合理规划。     

“营改增”试点过程中相关问题思考

"营改增"经历了几年的试点,对我国税收体制改革、产业与企业结构调整起到了积极的影响作用。但改革过程中,部分企业中出现了和改革的初衷相背离的情况,本文分析了引起这种现象的原因,并分析了"营改增"与两税并征相比的进步之处。同时,又对随着试点范围扩展到全国,"营改增"在具体实践过程中需要解决的问题提出了几点建议。     

Personal Income Tax Reform in China in 2018 and Its Impact on Income Distribution

In the context of personal income tax (PIT) reform in China in 2018, this paper examines some of the major issues of concern regarding the reform and income distribution. Using the China Personal Income Tax Micro‐simulation model, the paper compares the differences between the 2011 and 2018 PIT systems, and finds that residents relying on different income sources may face a large degree of real tax rate change. Once the tax system is altered to PIT 2018, the coverage of PIT for wage earners will decrease from 46.9 to 23.4 percent, the income redistributive effect will drop from 1.95 to 1.22 percent and the PIT's role in fiscal revenue will also be negatively affected. Nevertheless, if individual income continues to grow, the share of PIT in fiscal revenue is expected to return to the 2018 level in 2022, but its income redistribution function is difficult to recover in the short term. The paper finds that the effect of PIT on income distribution depends on the tax structure. Gradual transition to an “entirely comprehensive” tax system when conditions are appropriate will achieve better income redistribution results at a lower average tax rate.     

组合式房产税改革的宏观经济效应 ——兼顾居民用房与商业用房的DSGE框架分析

本文通过构建包含房产税的动态随机一般均衡（DSGE）框架，兼顾居民用房与商业用房，模拟分析房产税改革对主要宏观经济变量的影响。研究结果表明：（1）提高居民用房房产税税率对总消费、投资、房价和总产出等变量的均衡值和波动均以负面影响为主，但会降低社会福利损失；（2）降低商业用房房产税税率对总消费、投资、房价和总产出等变量的均衡值和波动均以正面影响为主，但会提高社会福利损失；（3）提高居民用房房产税税率与降低商业用房房产税税率同时实施时，不仅能够对冲居民用房房产税改革对宏观经济的负面影响，尤其是能够有效对冲改革对投资和总产出的负面影响，还会降低社会福利损失。因此，中国下一步试点改革应当重点关注组合式改革方案。     

增值税超速增长的微观机制分析

本文基于企业的视角对增值税与GDP的增长机制进行了分析，本文认为企业缴纳增值税的增长速度与企业所创造的GDP的增长速度并非必然保持一致。在企业内部与外部都有使二者不一致的因素，原材料投产率、增值率、产品销售率、折旧以及外购机器设备等企业内部因素会在企业的生产过程当中使二者增速发生偏离。除企业内部因素外，统计数据的修正也会导致增值税与GDP增速前后不一。